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Three Decades for Breeding Golden Camellia Varieties in Nanning Golden Camellia Park

Huang Lian-dong*  Li Zhi-hui  Lu Fang  Qin Ming-quan  Luo Yan-ying
Guangxi Nanning Golden Camellia Park, Nanning, 530022

Introduction

Yellow Camellia is a world famous rare ornamental plants, known as the ‘Giant Panda of Plants’ and ‘Queen of Camellias’, is our country unique rare flowers. Since 1960s it was discovered in Guangxi, and caused a sensation in the horticultural sector in the world. A lot of camellia breeding lovers tried to use the yellow gene to breed new varieties of camellia, and Professor Cheng Jinshui and Chen Junyu from Beijing Forestry University tried to cooperate with Kunming Institute of Botany, from the beginning of 1973 in Kunming. We also conducted hybridization with Yunnan camellias (C.reticulata) as mother parents, yellow camellia as pollen parents, but unfortunately there was no one flower appearing yellow in past ten years. By the end of 1980, The two Professors came to Guangxi to continue hybridization work, and they made artificial pollination of hybrid Yellow Camellia as female parents, Yunnan camellia, camellia japonica, camellia sasanqua as male parents. Since 1980, Nanning Golden Camellia Park has conducted breeding and reproduction on yellow camellias for 30 years, with their guidance of Chen Junyu, Cheng Jin, Li Tianqing, Deng Zhaozuo, Zhang Xinsi, Yutada Hiroshi, Li Daomei, Mo Shuye, Huang Liandong and other scholars and experts, had completed distant hybridization in six villages, Lvdeng mountain, Dadeng mountain and other tropical forests.

1 Breeding Goals

It was developed to pursue these breeding goals: breeding for large sized yellow flower varieties; breeding for yellow star-like flower form varieties; breeding for great tolerance in extensive management, drought, disease and pest; breeding for fragrant Golden Camellia varieties. We conducted artificial pollination work in habitat of yellow camellias, but management was so hard due to long distance. Because of artificial destruction factors, very few hybrid fruits were harvested by us.

In 1982, one yellow camellia gene pool (the former Xinzhu nursery) was established in Golden Camellia Park in Nanning city, and we can conduct distant hybridization and breeding work in the gene pool. After efforts in years, hybrid seedlings now start blooming. We have successfully developed several yellow camellia varieties, such as: double yellow camellia – ‘Dongyue’, and ‘Jin bei dan xin’ with red in surface and yellow in back petal. Some varieties have been registered in China Camellia Society. ‘Dongyue’ was awarded to New Variety Prize at the 2012 International Camellia Exhibition in Chuxiong Camellia Congress.

2 Hybridization Compatibility among species of Sect. Chrysantha

We first tried to make artificial pollination with Camellia nitidissimaCamellia euphlebia, Camellia tunghinensisCamellia achrysantha as female parents, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua as male parents. For decades, we received some experience in operating pollination. Firstly, we usually style-cover bags instead of conventional flower-cover bags so as to save labors after pollination for some time.

Secondly, we took various measures to increase fruit bearing rate of pollination: conventional hybridization and induction hybridization: dry or dead pollens and fresh pollens were mixed to pollinate so as to improve pollen germination as well as promote incompatibility of pollen tube growth. Mixed fresh pollens were used simultaneously in pollination process, for example, pollens from two species of yellow camellias. Mixed pollens with those from female parent, and we used pollens from two species of yellow camellias and mixed with some pollens from the female parent in pollination. Some sugar solution of 10% sucrose was applied to top of Camellia nitidissima. We also tried to cut some upper part of stigma in Camellia nitidissima at base of ovary 3mm high and applied directly pollens to the cut style so as to enhance fruit bearing rate.

Since 1982 to now, we have conducted distant hybridization for 30 years in the gene pool of Golden Camellia Park. A total of 35,514 flowers were pollinated and we collected 1268 seeds from 603 hybrid fruits in 230 cross combinations (Table 1).

We found that there were weak compatibility among yellow camellias and other non-yellow camellias due to their low fruit bearing rate. The main reasons probably resulted from genetic relationship. Another factor was related to climatic condition during period of hybridization. Rain or low temperature may greatly influence fruit bearing rate. Although we have not received fruits in past hybridization from some cross combinations, but the results in table 1 did not mean the real truth and further hybridization should be repeated more in future. On the other hand, we have received high successful hybridization rate among yellow camellia species. For example, three fruits (3.75% in success) were harvested from 80 pollinated flowers in cross between C.nitidissima x C.hakodae. High fruit bearing rate were also obtained by using mixed pollens, for example, we harvested 40 fruits (14.9%) in 269 flowers between C.nitidissima x (‘Qixingbai’ (C.japonica)+ C.nitidissima (radiated by g 3000) ). The successful hybridization rate ranged from 6.4% (with C.reticulata) to 6.9% (C.japonica ‘Shizitou’) in our work, but it’s difficult to raise saplings from these hybrid seeds.

3 Major Factors to affect successful hybridization

From the table, we summarized major effecting factor as below:

3.1 Distant hybridization: it’s difficult to bear fruits due to distant genetic relationship between parents.

3.2 Climate factors: Because there are some variations in temperature and rainfall each spring and winter in Nanning, it greatly influence phonological phase of yellow camellias.

3.3 Difference in individual plant: some individual bears numerous fruits and some few fruits even in quite quantity of flowers. We should pay more attention on selection of individual as a mother parent.

3.4 Hybrids and their variation patterns in major characteristics

We should conduct interspecific hybridization with using parents with good traits: for example, C.tunghinensis has dense flowers, small leaves and flowers etc. When it was crossed with C.nitidissima, F1 generation shows features much like its mother parent, i.e. dense flowers, but large leaves and flower size. When C.nitidissima was used as mother parent to cross with C.hakodae from Viet Nam, F1 offsprings show their intermediate characteristics between parents, for instance, larger leaves compared to its female parent. Although the hybrid is not flowering yet, we expect larger flowers from it.

Most flowering hybrids only show characters from mother side, or only show paternal character. Only small portion of them presents intermediate characters between two parents. Finally, we successfully bred double yellow camellia varieties and a series of yellow camellia hybrid varieties, such as ‘Dongyue’ , ‘Xinhuang’, ‘Dongmeiyingchun’, ‘ Bi Liu’, ‘Jin Bei Dan Xin’, ‘Xin Zi’, ‘Shuimeiren’ as well as ‘Huigui’ and so on. Their photos are presented below:

‘Dongyue’ ‘Xinhuang’
‘Dongyue’ ‘Xinhuang’
‘Dongmeiyingchun’ ‘Biliu’
‘Dongmeiyingchun’ ‘Biliu’
‘Jinbeidanxing’ ‘Jinbeidanxing’
‘Jinbeidanxing’(front) ‘Jinbeidanxing’(back)

 

‘Xinzi’ ’Shui Meiren’ ‘Huigui’
‘Xinzi’ ’Shui Meiren’   ‘Huigui’
 

 

5  Discussion and Prospect

5.1 In general, most of F1 generation from distant hybridization shows their characters in mother parent, occasionally in father parent and few intermediate.

5.2 In order to breed large yellow double form camellia varieties, at least one parent should be double form or double hybrid as patents.

5.3 Hybrid seeds usually are small and germinate very poorly. Their saplings grow weakly. Therefore, it’s suggested to improve survival rate by normal grafting or combined grafting at early stage.

5.4 It’s possible to breed for star-like flower form variety by interspecific hybridization, such as (C.tunghinensis x C.nitidissima), which brings new hope in further breeding work in future.

5.5 Based on our experience in past decades, the F1 hybrids usually show pink or pale yellow color of flowers, but less deep yellow in crosses of C.nitidissima and red or white C.japonica cultivars. Deep yellow cultivars may be bred by using recurrent hybridization (backcross) or reciprocal hybridization in F1 or F2 as parents.

Literature cited

[1] Tang Zhonghao, Huang Liandong. Preliminary report on hybridization of yellow camellias. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1987(4)
[2] Chen Junyu, Cheng Jinshui, Zhao Shiwei, Huang Liandong, Tang Zhonghao, et al. Two decades of yellow camellia breeding. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1994(12)
[3] Huang Liandong, Mo Shuye. Preliminary report of yellow camellia hybrids. China Gardens. 1998(1)

 

Table 1   Yellow Camellia hybridization crosses, fruits and seeds from 1983 to 2011

No.

Crosses

Hybrid

Fruits

Seeds

1

C. amplexicaulis

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

92

 

 

2

C.‘Xinhuang’

×

C.‘Huigui’

 

 

 

 

120

 

 

3

C. micrantha

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

318

 

 

4

C. microcarpa

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

302

 

 

5

C. microcarpa

×

C.‘Huigui’

 

 

 

 

120

25

12

6

C. microcarpa

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

68

 

 

7

C. microcarpa

×

C. japonica ‘Huamudan’

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

8

C. microcarpa

×

C. sasanqua

+

C. japonica

‘Shijingtingtai’

 

 

98

 

 

9

C. microcarpa

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

 

 

86

 

 

10

C. microcarpa

×

C. sasanqua

+

C. yuhsienensis

 

 

26

 

 

11

C. microcarpa

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Hefoding’

 

 

63

 

 

12

C. microcarpa

×

C. yuhsienensis

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

65

 

 

13

C. euphlebia

 

C.‘Shuimeiren’

+

C.‘Huigui’

 

 

20

6

5

14

C. xiashiensis

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

131

 

 

15

C. xiashiensis

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

67

 

 

16

C. xiashiensis

×

C. japonica

 

 

 

 

46

 

 

17

C. xiashiensis

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

37

 

 

18

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. achrysantha

 

 

 

 

241

 

 

19

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

99

 

 

20

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C.hakodae

 

 

 

 

125

12

15

21

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

36

 

 

22

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. oleifera

 

 

 

 

46

 

 

23

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. microcarpa

 

 

 

 

38

 

 

24

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. ptilosperma

 

 

 

 

66

 

 

25

C.‘Shuimeiren’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

67

 

 

26

F1(from US)

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

10

6

10

27

C. pubipetala

×

C.‘Jinbeidanxin’

 

 

 

 

34

 

 

28

C. longruiensis

×

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

29

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

577

26

28

30

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

+

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

 

 

154

24

30

31

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Maanshan’

+

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’

 

 

90

 

 

32

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. reticulata ‘Shizitou’

 

 

66

 

 

33

C. nitidissima

×

C. yuhsienensis

+

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

 

 

115

12

10

34

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. sasanqua

+

C. yuhsienensis

78

 

 

35

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’

+

C. handelii

38

6

8

36

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

+

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. yuhsienensis

65

10

19

37

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’

 

 

56

 

 

38

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. handelii

 

 

260

 

 

39

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. handelii

 

 

180

9

18

40

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Baishizi’

 

 

98

 

 

41

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Damanao’

 

 

 

 

56

 

 

42

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

+

C. japonica ‘Baishizi’

 

 

51

 

 

43

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

+

C. japonica ‘Damanao’

 

 

95

 

 

44

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixinqiu’

+

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

 

 

67

 

 

45

C. nitidissima

×

C. yuhsienensis

 

 

 

 

930

19

25

46

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’

 

 

 

 

88

 

 

47

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’γ1000

 

 

 

 

48

 

 

48

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

 

 

 

 

26

 

 

49

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

57

 

 

50

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. nitidissima

 

 

55

 

 

51

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

+

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’

 

 

34

 

 

52

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. reticulata‘Zaotaohong’

 

 

61

9

11

53

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. nitidissima

123

16

20

54

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. handelii

 

 

59

18

30

55

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baishizi’

+

 

 

 

136

15

20

56

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’

+

C. nitidissimaγ3000

 

 

19

1

6

57

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

+

 

 

 

340

26

42

58

C. nitidissima

×

C. reticulata ‘Shizitou’

+

 

 

 

29

2

4

59

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

 

 

 

179

12

41

60

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

+

 

 

 

9

6

24

61

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Jindingdahong’

 

 

 

 

50

 

 

62

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

 

 

 

 

589

27

22

63

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

1662

23

60

64

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

67

 

 

65

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Songzi’

+

C. nitidissima

23

11

39

66

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Daibaihe’

 

 

 

 

64

6

19

67

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Dabaihe’γ1500

 

 

 

 

66

1

8

68

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. yuhsienensis

 

 

75

 

 

69

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. nitidissima

ultraviolet rays for 10min

 

 

67

 

 

70

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. handelii

+

C. nitidissimaγ3000

26

 

 

71

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’

 

 

97

 

 

72

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

 

 

 

 

146

2

7

73

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Jinpanlizhi’

 

 

 

 

78

 

 

74

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

+

C. japonica ‘Zuiyangfei’

 

 

67

 

 

75

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Maanshan’

 

 

 

 

94

1

5

76

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Maanshan’

 

 

281

5

21

77

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Maanshan’

+

C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’

 

 

94

 

 

78

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Maanshan’

+

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

 

 

123

 

 

79

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Damanao’

 

 

98

 

 

80

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. handelii

 

 

175

 

 

81

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Beilu’

+

C. japonica ‘Baozhu’

 

 

67

 

 

82

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

 

 

 

 

160

 

 

83

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Hefoding’

 

 

59

 

 

84

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. sasanqua

 

 

99

 

 

85

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

+

C. yuhsienensis

 

 

75

 

 

86

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

 

 

278

 

 

87

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

+

C. japonica ‘Yulinbai’

 

 

27

 

 

88

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Yulinbai’

 

 

47

1

4

89

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

 

 

 

 

193

3

13

90

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’

 

 

 

 

235

1

2

91

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

 

 

82

 

 

92

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

 

 

67

 

 

93

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica

 ‘Baimianqiu’

 

 

113

 

 

94

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

+

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

 

 

49

1

3

95

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

+

C. handelii

29

 

 

96

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

 

 

55

 

 

97

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Manao’

 

 

71

 

 

98

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

19

 

 

99

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

+

C. japonica

‘Manao’

35

 

 

100

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Huahudie’

 

 

 

 

1104

7

11

101

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Fenfurong’

 

 

 

 

618

6

10

102

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Huahudie’

+

C. sasanqua

 

 

28

1

1

103

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

3652

12

33

104

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

105

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’

 

 

130

2

3

106

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. sasanqua

 

 

117

 

 

107

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Xiumudan’

 

 

94

 

 

108

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

100

 

 

109

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

+

C. japonica

 ‘Wubao’

36

1

3

110

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

 

 

73

 

 

111

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica

‘Baimianqiu’

 

 

36

 

 

112

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

+

C. japonica

 ‘Wubao’

60

1

4

113

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

116

 

 

114

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’

+

C. japonica ‘Heimudan’

 

 

95

 

 

115

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. sasanqua

+

C. japonica

 ‘Wubao’

141

1

3

116

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica

 ‘songzi’

67

 

 

117

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. nitidissimaγ3000

 

 

269

40

105

118

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’

+

C. nitidissimaγ6001

 

 

83

2

4

119

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’

 

 

91

1

1

120

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Heimudan’

+

 

 

 

26

 

 

121

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Babaoxian’

 

 

 

 

168

 

 

122

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Babaoxian’

+

C. nitidissimaγ5000

 

 

36

 

 

123

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dafengxian’

 

 

 

 

791

2

2

124

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Jingtingtaia’

 

 

 

 

136

 

 

125

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Huabaozhu’

 

 

 

 

37

2

9

126

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

+

C. handelii

 

 

96

5

15

127

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Houban’

 

 

 

 

70

 

 

128

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Fenfurong’

 

 

 

 

222

 

 

129

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

72

 

 

130

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Shizixiao’

 

 

 

 

38

 

 

131

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Lichun’

 

 

58

 

 

132

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Danmai’

 

 

 

 

52

 

 

133

C. nitidissima

×

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

 

 

 

 

162

 

 

134

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

308

 

 

135

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yuhuofen’

 

 

 

 

615

1

2

136

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’

 

 

 

 

741

2

7

137

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yumeiren’

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

138

C. nitidissima

×

C. ‘Huigui’

 

 

 

 

83

3

10

139

C. nitidissima

 

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

 

 

438

4

10

140

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wusefurong’

 

 

 

 

242

3

6

141

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Xiaweiyi’

 

 

 

 

39

3

6

142

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baimudan’

 

 

 

 

66

 

 

143

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yilanjiao’

 

 

 

 

54

 

 

144

C. nitidissima

×

C. longipetiolata

 

 

 

 

23

1

3

145

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

 ‘Zixiawanzhang’

 

 

 

 

58

 

 

146

C. nitidissima

×

C. sinensis

 

 

 

 

38

2

5

147

C. nitidissima

×

C. vietnamensis

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

148

C. nitidissima

×

C. vietnamensis

 

 

 

 

72

 

 

149

C. nitidissima

×

C. reticulata

 

 

 

 

37

4

9

150

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Keruimo’

 

 

 

 

176

2

6

151

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Huazhangshijie’

 

 

 

 

107

4

9

152

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Tianerong’

 

 

 

 

280

4

12

153

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Chunjie’

 

 

 

 

104

3

9

154

C. nitidissima

×

C.hakodae

 

 

 

 

80

3

12

155

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Liexiang’

 

 

 

 

826

31

70

156

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

 ‘Shanchazhidu’

 

 

 

 

423

13

25

157

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baitiane’

 

 

 

 

113

3

10

158

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Xuemudan’

 

 

 

 

22

1

2

159

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yueshuya’

 

 

 

 

51

1

1

160

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Saimudan’

 

 

 

 

65

1

1

161

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Zaicaidai’

 

 

 

 

129

3

9

162

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yaxue’

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

163

C. nitidissima

×

C. tiennii

 

 

 

 

182

 

 

164

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dakate’

 

 

 

 

50

 

 

165

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Haqianer’

 

 

 

 

54

 

 

166

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Nvxiucai’

 

 

 

 

87

2

5

167

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Shanghainvshi’

 

 

 

 

36

 

 

168

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Shanhule’

 

 

 

 

168

3

9

169

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Xiangbofuron’

 

 

 

 

69

1

3

170

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Feizaofurong’

 

 

 

 

34

 

 

171

C. nitidissima

×

F1from US

 

 

 

 

73

 

 

172

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

 

 

28

 

 

173

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Huangguan’

 

 

 

 

51

1

4

174

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Feizaofurong’

 

 

 

 

9

 

 

175

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Yueguangqu’

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

176

C. nitidissima

×

F1from US

 

 

 

 

73

 

 

177

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Diechi’

 

 

 

 

9

 

 

178

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘New

Century’

 

 

 

 

13

 

 

179

C. nitidissima

×

C.reticulata

 

 

 

 

25

 

 

180

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dafugui’

 

 

 

 

14

 

 

181

C. nitidissima

×

C. longipetiolata

 

 

 

 

41

 

 

182

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

+

C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’

 

 

30

 

 

183

C. nitidissima

 

C. microcarpa

 

 

 

 

28

 

 

184

C. nitidissima

×

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

 

 

 

 

30

 

 

185

C. nitidissima

×

C. ptilosperma

 

 

 

 

67

 

 

186

C. nitidissima

×

C. pubipetala

 

 

 

 

1049

 

 

187

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

 

 

260

 

 

188

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Qinxingbai’

 

C. nitidissima

34

7

20

189

C. nitidissima

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

1481

 

 

190

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

 ‘Wuyepiaoyun’

 

 

 

 

53

 

 

191

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’

 

 

 

 

13

 

 

192

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Songzi’

 

C. nitidissima

17

5

14

193

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

+

C. nitidissima

 

 

15

6

18

194

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

195

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’

 

 

 

 

24

 

 

196

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica ‘Songzi’

 

C. nitidissima

23

7

22

197

C. nitidissima

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

164

11

48

198

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. sasanqua

 

 

19

 

 

199

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

+

C. japonica

‘Xingtaomudan’

 

 

12

 

 

200

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

18

 

 

201

C. nitidissima

 

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

202

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

19

 

 

203

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

C. nitidissima

24

9

27

204

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dayela’

 

 

 

 

31

 

 

205

C. nitidissima

×

C. yuhsienensis

+

C. japonica ‘Damanao’

 

 

26

 

 

206

C. nitidissima

×

C. yuhsienensis

+

C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’

 

 

24

 

 

207

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’

+

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

 

 

26

 

 

208

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica

 ‘Feizaofurong’

 

 

 

 

26

1

3

209

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Dating’

 

 

 

 

30

2

6

210

C. nitidissima

×

C. japonica ‘Huamanao’

 

 

 

 

19

1

4

211

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

119

 

 

212

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. achrysantha

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

213

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. japonica ‘Keruimo’

 

 

 

 

24

 

 

214

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. pubipetala

 

 

 

 

31

 

 

215

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. achrysantha

 

 

 

 

30

 

 

216

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

87

 

 

217

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

481

9

27

218

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. achrysantha

 

 

 

 

165

2

4

219

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. oleifera

 

 

 

 

18

 

 

220

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C.hakodae

 

 

 

 

77

 

 

221

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. chuangtsoensis

 

 

 

 

29

 

 

222

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. japonica ‘Keruimo’

 

 

 

 

26

 

 

223

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. chuangtsoensis

 

 

 

 

29

 

 

224

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. ptilosperma

 

 

 

 

47

 

 

225

C. ‘Huigui’

×

C. vietnamensis

 

 

 

 

20

1

1

226

C. japonica

×

C. chuangtsoensis

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

227

C. japonica

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

16

2

6

228

C. achrysantha

×

C. sasanqua

 

 

 

 

143

 

 

229

C. achrysantha

×

C. ‘Shuimeiren’

 

 

 

 

46

 

 

230

C. achrysantha

×

C. ‘Huigui’

 

 

 

 

48

1

2

231

C. achrysantha

×

C. oleifera

 

 

 

 

32

2

5

232

C. achrysantha

×

C. vietnamensis

 

 

 

 

43

3

7

233

C. achrysantha

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

 

 

25

 

 

234

C. achrysantha

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

27

 

 

235

C. achrysantha

×

C. tiennii

 

 

 

 

38

 

 

236

C. achrysantha

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

 

 

15

 

 

237

C. achrysantha

 

C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

238

C. achrysantha

×

C. oleifera

 

 

 

 

32

 

 

239

C. achrysantha

×

C. vietnamensis

 

 

 

 

43

 

 

240

C. achrysantha

×

C. japonica

 ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

35

 

 

241

C. achrysantha

×

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

 

 

 

 

38

 

 

242

C. azalea

×

C. chuangtsoensis

 

 

 

 

193

1

1

243

C. ‘Dongmeiyingchun’

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

53

1

2

244

C. tunghinensis

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

127

 

 

245

C. tunghinensis

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

43

 

 

246

C. tunghinensis

×

C. nitidissima

+

C. handelii

 

 

43

 

 

247

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica ‘Wucai’

+

C. handelii

 

 

69

 

 

248

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

+

C. handelii

42

 

 

249

C. tunghinensis

×

C. handelii

+

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

 

 

11

 

 

250

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica ‘Simianjin’

+

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

25

 

 

251

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica

 ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

275

 

 

252

C. tunghinensis

×

C. reticulata

‘Shanchazhidu’

 

 

 

 

47

 

 

253

C. tunghinensis

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

254

C. tunghinensis

×

C. tiennii

 

 

 

 

29

1

3

255

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica ‘Wubao’

 

 

 

 

29

1

4

256

C. tunghinensis

×

C. japonica ‘Liexiang’

+

C. handelii

 

 

57

 

 

257

C. tunghinensis

×

C. handelii

+

C. handelii

 

 

37

 

 

258

C. chuangtsoensis

×

C.hakodae

 

 

 

 

21

 

 

259

C. chuangtsoensis

×

Tutcheria championii

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

260

C. chuangtsoensis

×

C. azalea

 

 

 

 

247

4

9

261

C. handelii

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

43

 

 

262

C. longipetiolata

×

C. nitidissima

 

 

 

 

56

 

 

263

C. ‘Biliujinhua’

×

C. japonica ‘Liexiang’

 

 

 

 

25

1

4

264

C. impressinervis

×

C. japonica ‘Tianerong’

 

 

 

 

51

 

 

265

C. impressinervis

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

69

 

 

266

C. impressinervis

×

C. japonica

‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

43

 

 

267

C. impressinervis

×

C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’

 

 

 

 

74

 

 

268

1802F1

×

C. handelii

 

 

 

 

66

 

 

269

1802F1

×

C. japonica

 ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’

 

 

 

 

248

 

 

270

1802F1

×

C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’

 

 

 

 

25

 

 

271

1802F1

×

C. japonica ‘Baifurong’

 

 

 

 

20

 

 

272

1802F1

×

C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

273

1802F1

×

C. japonica ‘Yilanjiao’

 

 

 

 

60

 

 

274

1802F1

×

C. yuhsienensis

 

 

 

 

71

 

 

275

1802F1

×

C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’

 

 

 

 

10

1

1

 * Author for correspondence: Senior Engineer in ornamentals.

 

‘Biliu’

 

 

 
 

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