Three Decades for Breeding Golden Camellia Varieties in Nanning Golden Camellia Park

Huang Lian-dong* Li Zhi-hui Lu Fang Qin Ming-quan Luo Yan-ying
Guangxi Nanning Golden Camellia Park, Nanning, 530022

Introduction

Yellow Camellia is a world famous rare ornamental plants, known as the ‘Giant Panda of Plants’ and ‘Queen of Camellias’, is our country unique rare flowers. Since 1960s it was discovered in Guangxi, and caused a sensation in the horticultural sector in the world. A lot of camellia breeding lovers tried to use the yellow gene to breed new varieties of camellia, and Professor Cheng Jinshui and Chen Junyu from Beijing Forestry University tried to cooperate with Kunming Institute of Botany, from the beginning of 1973 in Kunming. We also conducted hybridization with Yunnan camellias (C.reticulata) as mother parents, yellow camellia as pollen parents, but unfortunately there was no one flower appearing yellow in past ten years. By the end of 1980, The two Professors came to Guangxi to continue hybridization work, and they made artificial pollination of hybrid Yellow Camellia as female parents, Yunnan camellia, camellia japonica, camellia sasanqua as male parents. Since 1980, Nanning Golden Camellia Park has conducted breeding and reproduction on yellow camellias for 30 years, with their guidance of Chen Junyu, Cheng Jin, Li Tianqing, Deng Zhaozuo, Zhang Xinsi, Yutada Hiroshi, Li Daomei, Mo Shuye, Huang Liandong and other scholars and experts, had completed distant hybridization in six villages, Lvdeng mountain, Dadeng mountain and other tropical forests.

1 Breeding Goals

It was developed to pursue these breeding goals: breeding for large sized yellow flower varieties; breeding for yellow star-like flower form varieties; breeding for great tolerance in extensive management, drought, disease and pest; breeding for fragrant Golden Camellia varieties. We conducted artificial pollination work in habitat of yellow camellias, but management was so hard due to long distance. Because of artificial destruction factors, very few hybrid fruits were harvested by us.

In 1982, one yellow camellia gene pool (the former Xinzhu nursery) was established in Golden Camellia Park in Nanning city, and we can conduct distant hybridization and breeding work in the gene pool. After efforts in years, hybrid seedlings now start blooming. We have successfully developed several yellow camellia varieties, such as: double yellow camellia – ‘Dongyue’, and ‘Jin bei dan xin’ with red in surface and yellow in back petal. Some varieties have been registered in China Camellia Society. ‘Dongyue’ was awarded to New Variety Prize at the 2012 International Camellia Exhibition in Chuxiong Camellia Congress.

2 Hybridization Compatibility among species of Sect. Chrysantha

We first tried to make artificial pollination with Camellia nitidissima，Camellia euphlebia, Camellia tunghinensis, Camellia achrysantha as female parents, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua as male parents. For decades, we received some experience in operating pollination. Firstly, we usually style-cover bags instead of conventional flower-cover bags so as to save labors after pollination for some time.

Secondly, we took various measures to increase fruit bearing rate of pollination: conventional hybridization and induction hybridization: dry or dead pollens and fresh pollens were mixed to pollinate so as to improve pollen germination as well as promote incompatibility of pollen tube growth. Mixed fresh pollens were used simultaneously in pollination process, for example, pollens from two species of yellow camellias. Mixed pollens with those from female parent, and we used pollens from two species of yellow camellias and mixed with some pollens from the female parent in pollination. Some sugar solution of 10% sucrose was applied to top of Camellia nitidissima. We also tried to cut some upper part of stigma in Camellia nitidissima at base of ovary 3mm high and applied directly pollens to the cut style so as to enhance fruit bearing rate.

Since 1982 to now, we have conducted distant hybridization for 30 years in the gene pool of Golden Camellia Park. A total of 35,514 flowers were pollinated and we collected 1268 seeds from 603 hybrid fruits in 230 cross combinations (Table 1).

We found that there were weak compatibility among yellow camellias and other non-yellow camellias due to their low fruit bearing rate. The main reasons probably resulted from genetic relationship. Another factor was related to climatic condition during period of hybridization. Rain or low temperature may greatly influence fruit bearing rate. Although we have not received fruits in past hybridization from some cross combinations, but the results in table 1 did not mean the real truth and further hybridization should be repeated more in future. On the other hand, we have received high successful hybridization rate among yellow camellia species. For example, three fruits (3.75% in success) were harvested from 80 pollinated flowers in cross between C.nitidissima x C.hakodae. High fruit bearing rate were also obtained by using mixed pollens, for example, we harvested 40 fruits (14.9%) in 269 flowers between C.nitidissima x (‘Qixingbai’ (C.japonica)+ C.nitidissima (radiated by g 3000) ). The successful hybridization rate ranged from 6.4% (with C.reticulata) to 6.9% (C.japonica ‘Shizitou’) in our work, but it’s difficult to raise saplings from these hybrid seeds.

3 Major Factors to affect successful hybridization

From the table, we summarized major effecting factor as below:

3.1 Distant hybridization: it’s difficult to bear fruits due to distant genetic relationship between parents.

3.2 Climate factors: Because there are some variations in temperature and rainfall each spring and winter in Nanning, it greatly influence phonological phase of yellow camellias.

3.3 Difference in individual plant: some individual bears numerous fruits and some few fruits even in quite quantity of flowers. We should pay more attention on selection of individual as a mother parent.

3.4 Hybrids and their variation patterns in major characteristics

We should conduct interspecific hybridization with using parents with good traits: for example, C.tunghinensis has dense flowers, small leaves and flowers etc. When it was crossed with C.nitidissima, F₁ generation shows features much like its mother parent, i.e. dense flowers, but large leaves and flower size. When C.nitidissima was used as mother parent to cross with C.hakodae from Viet Nam, F₁ offsprings show their intermediate characteristics between parents, for instance, larger leaves compared to its female parent. Although the hybrid is not flowering yet, we expect larger flowers from it.

Most flowering hybrids only show characters from mother side, or only show paternal character. Only small portion of them presents intermediate characters between two parents. Finally, we successfully bred double yellow camellia varieties and a series of yellow camellia hybrid varieties, such as ‘Dongyue’ , ‘Xinhuang’, ‘Dongmeiyingchun’, ‘ Bi Liu’, ‘Jin Bei Dan Xin’, ‘Xin Zi’, ‘Shuimeiren’ as well as ‘Huigui’ and so on. Their photos are presented below:


‘Dongyue’	‘Xinhuang’

‘Dongmeiyingchun’	‘Biliu’

‘Jinbeidanxing’(front)	‘Jinbeidanxing’(back)


‘Xinzi’	’Shui Meiren’	‘Huigui’

5 Discussion and Prospect

5.1 In general, most of F₁ generation from distant hybridization shows their characters in mother parent, occasionally in father parent and few intermediate.

5.2 In order to breed large yellow double form camellia varieties, at least one parent should be double form or double hybrid as patents.

5.3 Hybrid seeds usually are small and germinate very poorly. Their saplings grow weakly. Therefore, it’s suggested to improve survival rate by normal grafting or combined grafting at early stage.

5.4 It’s possible to breed for star-like flower form variety by interspecific hybridization, such as (C.tunghinensis x C.nitidissima), which brings new hope in further breeding work in future.

5.5 Based on our experience in past decades, the F₁ hybrids usually show pink or pale yellow color of flowers, but less deep yellow in crosses of C.nitidissima and red or white C.japonica cultivars. Deep yellow cultivars may be bred by using recurrent hybridization (backcross) or reciprocal hybridization in F₁ or F₂ as parents.

Literature cited

[1] Tang Zhonghao, Huang Liandong. Preliminary report on hybridization of yellow camellias. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1987(4)
[2] Chen Junyu, Cheng Jinshui, Zhao Shiwei, Huang Liandong, Tang Zhonghao, et al. Two decades of yellow camellia breeding. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1994(12)
[3] Huang Liandong, Mo Shuye. Preliminary report of yellow camellia hybrids. China Gardens. 1998(1)

Table 1 Yellow Camellia hybridization crosses, fruits and seeds from 1983 to 2011

No.	Crosses							Hybrid	Fruits	Seeds
1	C. amplexicaulis	×	C. nitidissima					92
2	C.‘Xinhuang’	×	C.‘Huigui’					120
3	C. micrantha	×	C. sasanqua					318
4	C. microcarpa	×	C. sasanqua					302
5	C. microcarpa	×	C.‘Huigui’					120	25	12
6	C. microcarpa	×	C. handelii					68
7	C. microcarpa	×	C. japonica ‘Huamudan’					60
8	C. microcarpa	×	C. sasanqua	+	C. japonica ‘Shijingtingtai’			98
9	C. microcarpa	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’					86
10	C. microcarpa	×	C. sasanqua	+	C. yuhsienensis			26
11	C. microcarpa	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Hefoding’			63
12	C. microcarpa	×	C. yuhsienensis	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			65
13	C. euphlebia		C.‘Shuimeiren’	+	C.‘Huigui’			20	6	5
14	C. xiashiensis	×	C. sasanqua					131
15	C. xiashiensis	×	C. sasanqua					67
16	C. xiashiensis	×	C. japonica					46
17	C. xiashiensis	×	C. handelii					37
18	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. achrysantha					241
19	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. nitidissima					99
20	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C.hakodae					125	12	15
21	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. nitidissima					36
22	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. oleifera					46
23	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. microcarpa					38
24	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. ptilosperma					66
25	C.‘Shuimeiren’	×	C. nitidissima					67
26	F1(from US)	×	C. nitidissima					10	6	10
27	C. pubipetala	×	C.‘Jinbeidanxin’					34
28	C. longruiensis	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					51
29	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua					577	26	28
30	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua	+	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’			154	24	30
31	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Maanshan’	+	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’			90
32	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. reticulata ‘Shizitou’			66
33	C. nitidissima	×	C. yuhsienensis	+	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’			115	12	10
34	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. sasanqua	+	C. yuhsienensis	78
35	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’	+	C. handelii	38	6	8
36	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’	+	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. yuhsienensis	65	10	19
37	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’			56
38	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. handelii			260
39	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. handelii			180	9	18
40	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Baishizi’			98
41	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Damanao’					56
42	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’	+	C. japonica ‘Baishizi’			51
43	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’	+	C. japonica ‘Damanao’			95
44	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixinqiu’	+	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’			67
45	C. nitidissima	×	C. yuhsienensis					930	19	25
46	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’					88
47	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’γ1000					48
48	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’					26
49	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			57
50	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. nitidissima			55
51	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’	+	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’			34
52	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. reticulata‘Zaotaohong’			61	9	11
53	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. nitidissima	123	16	20
54	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. handelii			59	18	30
55	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baishizi’	+				136	15	20
56	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’	+	C. nitidissimaγ3000			19	1	6
57	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’	+				340	26	42
58	C. nitidissima	×	C. reticulata ‘Shizitou’	+				29	2	4
59	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+				179	12	41
60	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua	+				9	6	24
61	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Jindingdahong’					50
62	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’					589	27	22
63	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii					1662	23	60
64	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’			67
65	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Songzi’	+	C. nitidissima	23	11	39
66	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Daibaihe’					64	6	19
67	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’γ1500					66	1	8
68	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. yuhsienensis			75
69	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. nitidissima （ultraviolet rays for 10min）			67
70	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. handelii	+	C. nitidissimaγ3000	26
71	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’			97
72	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’					146	2	7
73	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Jinpanlizhi’					78
74	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’	+	C. japonica ‘Zuiyangfei’			67
75	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Maanshan’					94	1	5
76	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Maanshan’			281	5	21
77	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Maanshan’	+	C. japonica ‘Dayangfei’			94
78	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Maanshan’	+	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’			123
79	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Damanao’			98
80	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. handelii			175
81	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Beilu’	+	C. japonica ‘Baozhu’			67
82	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wucai’					160
83	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Hefoding’			59
84	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. sasanqua			99
85	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wucai’	+	C. yuhsienensis			75
86	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wucai’	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’			278
87	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wucai’	+	C. japonica ‘Yulinbai’			27
88	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Yulinbai’			47	1	4
89	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’					193	3	13
90	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’					235	1	2
91	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’			82
92	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’			67
93	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’			113
94	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’	+	C. japonica ‘Wucai’			49	1	3
95	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’	+	C. handelii	29
96	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Wucai’			55
97	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Manao’			71
98	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			19
99	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’	+	C. japonica ‘Manao’	35
100	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huahudie’					1104	7	11
101	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Fenfurong’					618	6	10
102	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huahudie’	+	C. sasanqua			28	1	1
103	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					3652	12	33
104	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’					51
105	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’			130	2	3
106	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. sasanqua			117
107	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Xiumudan’			94
108	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’			100
109	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	36	1	3
110	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’			73
111	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’			36
112	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	60	1	4
113	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shilixiang’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			116
114	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’	+	C. japonica ‘Heimudan’			95
115	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. sasanqua	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	141	1	3
116	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘songzi’	67
117	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. nitidissimaγ3000			269	40	105
118	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’	+	C. nitidissimaγ6001			83	2	4
119	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’			91	1	1
120	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Heimudan’	+				26
121	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Babaoxian’					168
122	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Babaoxian’	+	C. nitidissimaγ5000			36
123	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dafengxian’					791	2	2
124	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Jingtingtaia’					136
125	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huabaozhu’					37	2	9
126	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua	+	C. handelii			96	5	15
127	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Houban’					70
128	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Fenfurong’					222
129	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’			72
130	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shizixiao’					38
131	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Lichun’			58
132	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Danmai’					52
133	C. nitidissima	×	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’					162
134	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua					308
135	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yuhuofen’					615	1	2
136	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’					741	2	7
137	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yumeiren’					100
138	C. nitidissima	×	C. ‘Huigui’					83	3	10
139	C. nitidissima		C. japonica ‘Baifurong’					438	4	10
140	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wusefurong’					242	3	6
141	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xiaweiyi’					39	3	6
142	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baimudan’					66
143	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yilanjiao’					54
144	C. nitidissima	×	C. longipetiolata					23	1	3
145	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Zixiawanzhang’					58
146	C. nitidissima	×	C. sinensis					38	2	5
147	C. nitidissima	×	C. vietnamensis					60
148	C. nitidissima	×	C. vietnamensis					72
149	C. nitidissima	×	C. reticulata					37	4	9
150	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Keruimo’					176	2	6
151	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huazhangshijie’					107	4	9
152	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Tianerong’					280	4	12
153	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Chunjie’					104	3	9
154	C. nitidissima	×	C.hakodae					80	3	12
155	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Liexiang’					826	31	70
156	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shanchazhidu’					423	13	25
157	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baitiane’					113	3	10
158	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xuemudan’					22	1	2
159	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yueshuya’					51	1	1
160	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Saimudan’					65	1	1
161	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Zaicaidai’					129	3	9
162	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yaxue’					22
163	C. nitidissima	×	C. tiennii					182
164	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dakate’					50
165	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Haqianer’					54
166	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Nvxiucai’					87	2	5
167	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shanghainvshi’					36
168	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Shanhule’					168	3	9
169	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xiangbofuron’					69	1	3
170	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Feizaofurong’					34
171	C. nitidissima	×	F1（from US）					73
172	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’					28
173	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huangguan’					51	1	4
174	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Feizaofurong’					9
175	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Yueguangqu’					12
176	C. nitidissima	×	F1（from US）					73
177	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Diechi’					9
178	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘New Century’					13
179	C. nitidissima	×	C.reticulata					25
180	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dafugui’					14
181	C. nitidissima	×	C. longipetiolata					41
182	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua	+	C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’			30
183	C. nitidissima		C. microcarpa					28
184	C. nitidissima	×	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’					30
185	C. nitidissima	×	C. ptilosperma					67
186	C. nitidissima	×	C. pubipetala					1049
187	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’					260
188	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Qinxingbai’		C. nitidissima	34	7	20
189	C. nitidissima	×	C. handelii					1481
190	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wuyepiaoyun’					53
191	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qixingqiu’					13
192	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Songzi’		C. nitidissima	17	5	14
193	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’	+	C. nitidissima			15	6	18
194	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’					12
195	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dasongzi’					24
196	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Songzi’		C. nitidissima	23	7	22
197	C. nitidissima	×	C. sasanqua					164	11	48
198	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. sasanqua			19
199	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’	+	C. japonica ‘Xingtaomudan’			12
200	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			18
201	C. nitidissima		C. japonica ‘Baifurong’					22
202	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			19
203	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’		C. nitidissima	24	9	27
204	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dayela’					31
205	C. nitidissima	×	C. yuhsienensis	+	C. japonica ‘Damanao’			26
206	C. nitidissima	×	C. yuhsienensis	+	C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’			24
207	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’	+	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’			26
208	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Feizaofurong’					26	1	3
209	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Dating’					30	2	6
210	C. nitidissima	×	C. japonica ‘Huamanao’					19	1	4
211	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. nitidissima					119
212	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. achrysantha					12
213	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. japonica ‘Keruimo’					24
214	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. pubipetala					31
215	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. achrysantha					30
216	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’	×	C. nitidissima					87
217	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. nitidissima					481	9	27
218	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. achrysantha					165	2	4
219	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. oleifera					18
220	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C.hakodae					77
221	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. chuangtsoensis					29
222	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. japonica ‘Keruimo’					26
223	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. chuangtsoensis					29
224	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. ptilosperma					47
225	C. ‘Huigui’	×	C. vietnamensis					20	1	1
226	C. japonica	×	C. chuangtsoensis					12
227	C. japonica	×	C. nitidissima					16	2	6
228	C. achrysantha	×	C. sasanqua					143
229	C. achrysantha	×	C. ‘Shuimeiren’					46
230	C. achrysantha	×	C. ‘Huigui’					48	1	2
231	C. achrysantha	×	C. oleifera					32	2	5
232	C. achrysantha	×	C. vietnamensis					43	3	7
233	C. achrysantha	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’					25
234	C. achrysantha	×	C. handelii					27
235	C. achrysantha	×	C. tiennii					38
236	C. achrysantha	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’					15
237	C. achrysantha		C. japonica ‘Jinsiyudie’					11
238	C. achrysantha	×	C. oleifera					32
239	C. achrysantha	×	C. vietnamensis					43
240	C. achrysantha	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					35
241	C. achrysantha	×	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’					38
242	C. azalea	×	C. chuangtsoensis					193	1	1
243	C. ‘Dongmeiyingchun’	×	C. nitidissima					53	1	2
244	C. tunghinensis	×	C. handelii					127
245	C. tunghinensis	×	C. handelii					43
246	C. tunghinensis	×	C. nitidissima	+	C. handelii			43
247	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Wucai’	+	C. handelii			69
248	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Dabaihe’	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’	+	C. handelii	42
249	C. tunghinensis	×	C. handelii	+	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’			11
250	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Simianjin’	+	C. japonica ‘Wubao’			25
251	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					275
252	C. tunghinensis	×	C. reticulata ‘Shanchazhidu’					47
253	C. tunghinensis	×	C. handelii					60
254	C. tunghinensis	×	C. tiennii					29	1	3
255	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Wubao’					29	1	4
256	C. tunghinensis	×	C. japonica ‘Liexiang’	+	C. handelii			57
257	C. tunghinensis	×	C. handelii	+	C. handelii			37
258	C. chuangtsoensis	×	C.hakodae					21
259	C. chuangtsoensis	×	Tutcheria championii					40
260	C. chuangtsoensis	×	C. azalea					247	4	9
261	C. handelii	×	C. nitidissima					43
262	C. longipetiolata	×	C. nitidissima					56
263	C. ‘Biliujinhua’	×	C. japonica ‘Liexiang’					25	1	4
264	C. impressinervis	×	C. japonica ‘Tianerong’					51
265	C. impressinervis	×	C. handelii					69
266	C. impressinervis	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					43
267	C. impressinervis	×	C. japonica ‘Qinxinbai’					74
268	1802F1	×	C. handelii					66
269	1802F1	×	C. japonica ‘Hongzhuangsuguo’					248
270	1802F1	×	C. japonica ‘Fenxishi’					25
271	1802F1	×	C. japonica ‘Baifurong’					20
272	1802F1	×	C. japonica ‘Baimianqiu’					12
273	1802F1	×	C. japonica ‘Yilanjiao’					60
274	1802F1	×	C. yuhsienensis					71
275	1802F1	×	C. ‘Jinbeidanxin’					10	1	1